MDMA (3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine),
commonly referred to as Ecstasy, is a psychoactive drug possessing stimulant and
hallucinogenic properties. MDMA possesses chemical variations of the stimulant
amphetamine or methamphetamine and a hallucinogen, most often mescaline.
MDMA
was first synthesized in 1912 by a German to be used as an appetite suppressant.
Chemically, it is an analogue of MDA, a drug that was popular in the 1960's.
In the late 1970's, MDMA was used to facilitate psychotherapy by a small group
of therapists in the United States. Illicit use of the drug did not become popular
until the late 1980's and early 1990's.
Ecstasy
is taken orally, usually in tablet or capsule form, and its effects last approximately
four to six hours. Users of the drug say that it produces profoundly positive
feelings, empathy for others, elimination of anxiety, enhancement of the senses,
and extreme relaxation. Ecstasy is also said to suppress the need to eat or
sleep, enabling users to endure two to three-day parties. Consequently, Ecstasy
use sometimes results in severe dehydration or exhaustion. While it is not as
addictive as heroin or cocaine, ecstasy can cause other adverse effects including
nausea, hallucinations, chills, sweating, increases in body temperature, tremors,
involuntary teeth clenching, muscle cramping, and blurred vision. Ecstasy users
also report after-effects of anxiety, paranoia, and depression. An ecstasy overdose
is characterized by high blood pressure, faintness, panic attacks, and in more
severe cases loss of consciousness, seizures, and a drastic rise in body temperature.
Ecstasy overdoses can be fatal, as they may result in heart failure or extreme
heat stroke.
Ecstasy
is most often distributed at late-night parties called "raves," nightclubs,
and rock concerts. As the rave and club scene expands to metropolitan and suburban
areas across the country, ecstasy use and distribution is increasing as well.
Ecstasy is often used in combination with other substances. Once a person begins
using Ecstasy or begins frequenting events where Ecstasy is widely used, a vast
array of drugs become accessible as well. Ecstasy users often seek to increase
their high by combining their pill with a dose of marijuana, LSD, ketamine,
GHB, amphetamines, cocaine, or heroin. This experimentation can lead to addiction.
The effects of long-term ecstasy use are just beginning to undergo scientific
analysis. In 1998, the National Institute of Mental Health conducted a study
of a small group of habitual ecstasy users who were abstaining from use. The
study revealed that the abstinent users suffered damage to the neurons in the
brain that transmit serotonin, an important biochemical involved in a variety
of critical functions including learning, sleep, and integration of emotion.
The results of the study indicate that recreational ecstasy users may be at
risk of developing permanent brain damage that may manifest itself in depression,
anxiety, memory loss, and other neuropsychotic disorders.
What is
ecstasy?
MDMA
or ecstasy is a Schedule I, synthetic, psychoactive drug that possesses stimulant
and hallucinogenic properties. Ecstasy possesses chemical variations of the
stimulant amphetamine or methamphetamine and a hallucinogen, most often mescaline.
Commonly
referred to as Ecstasy or XTC, MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by a German
company to be used as an appetite suppressant. Chemically, it is an analogue
of MDA, a drug that was popular in the 1960's. In the late 1970's, MDMA was
used to facilitate psychotherapy by a small group of therapists in the United
States. Illicit use of the drug did not become popular until the late 1980's
and early 1990's. Ecstasy is frequently used in combination with other drugs.
However, it is rarely consumed with alcohol, as alcohol is believed to diminish
its effects. It is most often distributed at late-night parties called "raves,"
nightclubs, and rock concerts. As the rave and club scene expands to metropolitan
and suburban areas across the country, ecstasy use and distribution are increasing
as well.
How is
Ecstasy Used?
Ecstasy
is most often available in tablet form and is usually ingested orally. It is
also available as a powder and is sometimes snorted or occasionally smoked,
but rarely injected. Its effects last approximately four to six hours. Users
of the drug say that it produces profoundly positive feelings, empathy for others,
elimination of anxiety, and extreme relaxation. Ecstasy is also said to suppress
the need to eat, drink, or sleep. This enables users to endure two to three-day
parties. Consequently, ecstasy use sometimes results in severe dehydration or
exhaustion.
Where does
ecstasy come from?
Clandestine
laboratories who operates throughout Western Europe, primarily the Netherlands
and Belgium, manufactures significant quantities of the drug in tablet, capsule,
and powder form. Although the vast majority of ecstasy consumed domestically
is produced in Europe, a limited number of ecstasy labs operate in the United
States. In addition, in recent years, Israeli organized crime syndicates, some
composed of Russian émigrés associated with Russian organized
crime syndicates, have forged relationships with Western European traffickers
and gained control over a significant share of the European market. The Israeli
syndicates are currently the primary source to U.S. distribution groups.
Overseas
ecstasy trafficking organizations smuggle the drug in shipments of 10,000 or
more tablets via express mail services, couriers aboard commercial airline flights,
or more recently through air freight shipments from several major European cities
to cities in the United States. The drug is sold in bulk quantity at the mid-wholesale
level in the United States for approximately eight dollars per dosage unit.
The retail price of ecstasy sold in clubs in the United States remains steady
at twenty to thirty dollars per dosage unit. Ecstasy traffickers consistently
use brand names and logos as marketing tools to distinguish their product from
that of competitors. The logos are produced to coincide with holidays or special
events. Among the more popular logos are butterflies, lightning bolts, and four-leaf
clovers
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